diff --git a/redbot/cogs/audio/audio.py b/redbot/cogs/audio/audio.py
index 28d3c252d..d4e857ca9 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/audio/audio.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/audio/audio.py
@@ -1285,6 +1285,9 @@ class Audio(commands.Cog):
                     url_check = self._url_check(track["info"]["uri"])
                     if not url_check:
                         continue
+                if track["info"]["uri"].startswith("localtracks/"):
+                    if not os.path.isfile(track["info"]["uri"]):
+                        continue
                 player.add(author_obj, lavalink.rest_api.Track(data=track))
                 track_count = track_count + 1
             embed = discord.Embed(
@@ -2005,6 +2008,7 @@ class Audio(commands.Cog):
     async def seek(self, ctx, seconds: int = 30):
         """Seek ahead or behind on a track by seconds."""
         dj_enabled = await self.config.guild(ctx.guild).dj_enabled()
+        vote_enabled = await self.config.guild(ctx.guild).vote_enabled()
         if not self._player_check(ctx):
             return await self._embed_msg(ctx, _("Nothing playing."))
         player = lavalink.get_player(ctx.guild.id)
@@ -2017,6 +2021,13 @@ class Audio(commands.Cog):
                 ctx, ctx.author
             ):
                 return await self._embed_msg(ctx, _("You need the DJ role to use seek."))
+        if vote_enabled:
+            if not await self._can_instaskip(ctx, ctx.author) and not await self._is_alone(
+                ctx, ctx.author
+            ):
+                return await self._embed_msg(
+                    ctx, _("There are other people listening - vote to skip instead.")
+                )
         if player.current:
             if player.current.is_stream:
                 return await self._embed_msg(ctx, _("Can't seek on a stream."))
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/audio/manager.py b/redbot/cogs/audio/manager.py
index 8cc988eff..ae10bb3be 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/audio/manager.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/audio/manager.py
@@ -71,13 +71,19 @@ async def get_java_version(loop) -> _JavaVersion:
     #     ... version "MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH[_BUILD]" ...
     #     ...
     # We only care about the major and minor parts though.
-    version_line_re = re.compile(r'version "(?P<major>\d+).(?P<minor>\d+).\d+(?:_\d+)?"')
+    version_line_re = re.compile(
+        r'version "(?P<major>\d+).(?P<minor>\d+).\d+(?:_\d+)?(?:-[A-Za-z0-9]+)?"'
+    )
+    short_version_re = re.compile(r'version "(?P<major>\d+)"')
 
     lines = version_info.splitlines()
     for line in lines:
         match = version_line_re.search(line)
+        short_match = short_version_re.search(line)
         if match:
             return int(match["major"]), int(match["minor"])
+        elif short_match:
+            return int(short_match["major"]), 0
 
     raise RuntimeError(
         "The output of `java -version` was unexpected. Please report this issue on Red's "
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/cleanup/cleanup.py b/redbot/cogs/cleanup/cleanup.py
index 5b941f3c5..67fcaefa7 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/cleanup/cleanup.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/cleanup/cleanup.py
@@ -133,8 +133,6 @@ class Cleanup(commands.Cog):
         def check(m):
             if text in m.content:
                 return True
-            elif m == ctx.message:
-                return True
             else:
                 return False
 
@@ -145,6 +143,7 @@ class Cleanup(commands.Cog):
             before=ctx.message,
             delete_pinned=delete_pinned,
         )
+        to_delete.append(ctx.message)
 
         reason = "{}({}) deleted {} messages containing '{}' in channel {}.".format(
             author.name, author.id, len(to_delete), text, channel.id
@@ -188,8 +187,6 @@ class Cleanup(commands.Cog):
         def check(m):
             if m.author.id == _id:
                 return True
-            elif m == ctx.message:
-                return True
             else:
                 return False
 
@@ -200,6 +197,8 @@ class Cleanup(commands.Cog):
             before=ctx.message,
             delete_pinned=delete_pinned,
         )
+        to_delete.append(ctx.message)
+
         reason = (
             "{}({}) deleted {} messages "
             " made by {}({}) in channel {}."
@@ -231,6 +230,7 @@ class Cleanup(commands.Cog):
         to_delete = await self.get_messages_for_deletion(
             channel=channel, number=None, after=after, delete_pinned=delete_pinned
         )
+        to_delete.append(ctx.message)
 
         reason = "{}({}) deleted {} messages in channel {}.".format(
             author.name, author.id, len(to_delete), channel.name
@@ -263,6 +263,7 @@ class Cleanup(commands.Cog):
         to_delete = await self.get_messages_for_deletion(
             channel=channel, number=number, before=before, delete_pinned=delete_pinned
         )
+        to_delete.append(ctx.message)
 
         reason = "{}({}) deleted {} messages in channel {}.".format(
             author.name, author.id, len(to_delete), channel.name
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/downloader/downloader.py b/redbot/cogs/downloader/downloader.py
index ce3df16ae..be63c59ae 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/downloader/downloader.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/downloader/downloader.py
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ class Downloader(commands.Cog):
         if isinstance(cog_installable, Installable):
             made_by = ", ".join(cog_installable.author) or _("Missing from info.json")
             repo = self._repo_manager.get_repo(cog_installable.repo_name)
-            repo_url = repo.url
+            repo_url = _("Missing from installed repos") if repo is None else repo.url
             cog_name = cog_installable.name
         else:
             made_by = "26 & co."
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/economy/economy.py b/redbot/cogs/economy/economy.py
index 9e32351d1..e3138d454 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/economy/economy.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/economy/economy.py
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ class Economy(commands.Cog):
     @guild_only_check()
     async def payouts(self, ctx: commands.Context):
         """Show the payouts for the slot machine."""
-        await ctx.author.send(SLOT_PAYOUTS_MSG())
+        await ctx.author.send(SLOT_PAYOUTS_MSG)
 
     @commands.command()
     @guild_only_check()
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/general/general.py b/redbot/cogs/general/general.py
index 605cb75d7..ec7a35ac6 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/general/general.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/general/general.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class RPSParser:
         elif argument == "scissors":
             self.choice = RPS.scissors
         else:
-            raise ValueError
+            self.choice = None
 
 
 @cog_i18n(_)
@@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ class General(commands.Cog):
         """Play Rock Paper Scissors."""
         author = ctx.author
         player_choice = your_choice.choice
+        if not player_choice:
+            return await ctx.send("This isn't a valid option. Try rock, paper, or scissors.")
         red_choice = choice((RPS.rock, RPS.paper, RPS.scissors))
         cond = {
             (RPS.rock, RPS.paper): False,
@@ -263,12 +265,13 @@ class General(commands.Cog):
 
         except aiohttp.ClientError:
             await ctx.send(
-                _("No Urban dictionary entries were found, or there was an error in the process")
+                _("No Urban Dictionary entries were found, or there was an error in the process.")
             )
             return
 
         if data.get("error") != 404:
-
+            if not data["list"]:
+                return await ctx.send(_("No Urban Dictionary entries were found."))
             if await ctx.embed_requested():
                 # a list of embeds
                 embeds = []
@@ -303,14 +306,14 @@ class General(commands.Cog):
             else:
                 messages = []
                 for ud in data["list"]:
-                    ud.set_default("example", "N/A")
+                    ud.setdefault("example", "N/A")
                     description = _("{definition}\n\n**Example:** {example}").format(**ud)
                     if len(description) > 2048:
                         description = "{}...".format(description[:2045])
 
                     message = _(
                         "<{permalink}>\n {word} by {author}\n\n{description}\n\n"
-                        "{thumbs_down} Down / {thumbs_up} Up, Powered by urban dictionary"
+                        "{thumbs_down} Down / {thumbs_up} Up, Powered by Urban Dictionary."
                     ).format(word=ud.pop("word").capitalize(), description=description, **ud)
                     messages.append(message)
 
@@ -325,6 +328,5 @@ class General(commands.Cog):
                     )
         else:
             await ctx.send(
-                _("No Urban dictionary entries were found, or there was an error in the process.")
+                _("No Urban Dictionary entries were found, or there was an error in the process.")
             )
-            return
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/mod/mod.py b/redbot/cogs/mod/mod.py
index df81c73df..592339098 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/mod/mod.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/mod/mod.py
@@ -311,13 +311,15 @@ class Mod(commands.Cog):
         if not cur_setting:
             await self.settings.guild(guild).reinvite_on_unban.set(True)
             await ctx.send(
-                _("Users unbanned with {command} will be reinvited.").format(f"{ctx.prefix}unban")
+                _("Users unbanned with {command} will be reinvited.").format(
+                    command=f"{ctx.prefix}unban"
+                )
             )
         else:
             await self.settings.guild(guild).reinvite_on_unban.set(False)
             await ctx.send(
                 _("Users unbanned with {command} will not be reinvited.").format(
-                    f"{ctx.prefix}unban"
+                    command=f"{ctx.prefix}unban"
                 )
             )
 
@@ -864,20 +866,46 @@ class Mod(commands.Cog):
     @commands.guild_only()
     @commands.bot_has_permissions(manage_nicknames=True)
     @checks.admin_or_permissions(manage_nicknames=True)
-    async def rename(self, ctx: commands.Context, user: discord.Member, *, nickname=""):
+    async def rename(self, ctx: commands.Context, user: discord.Member, *, nickname: str = ""):
         """Change a user's nickname.
 
         Leaving the nickname empty will remove it.
         """
         nickname = nickname.strip()
-        if nickname == "":
+        me = cast(discord.Member, ctx.me)
+        if not nickname:
             nickname = None
-        await user.edit(reason=get_audit_reason(ctx.author, None), nick=nickname)
-        await ctx.send("Done.")
+        elif not 2 <= len(nickname) <= 32:
+            await ctx.send(_("Nicknames must be between 2 and 32 characters long."))
+            return
+        if not (
+            (me.guild_permissions.manage_nicknames or me.guild_permissions.administrator)
+            and me.top_role > user.top_role
+            and user != ctx.guild.owner
+        ):
+            await ctx.send(
+                _(
+                    "I do not have permission to rename that member. They may be higher than or "
+                    "equal to me in the role hierarchy."
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            try:
+                await user.edit(reason=get_audit_reason(ctx.author, None), nick=nickname)
+            except discord.Forbidden:
+                # Just in case we missed something in the permissions check above
+                await ctx.send(_("I do not have permission to rename that member."))
+            except discord.HTTPException as exc:
+                if exc.status == 400:  # BAD REQUEST
+                    await ctx.send(_("That nickname is invalid."))
+                else:
+                    await ctx.send(_("An unexpected error has occured."))
+            else:
+                await ctx.send(_("Done."))
 
     @commands.group()
     @commands.guild_only()
-    @checks.mod_or_permissions(manage_channel=True)
+    @checks.mod_or_permissions(manage_channels=True)
     async def mute(self, ctx: commands.Context):
         """Mute users."""
         pass
@@ -1033,7 +1061,7 @@ class Mod(commands.Cog):
     @commands.group()
     @commands.guild_only()
     @commands.bot_has_permissions(manage_roles=True)
-    @checks.mod_or_permissions(manage_channel=True)
+    @checks.mod_or_permissions(manage_channels=True)
     async def unmute(self, ctx: commands.Context):
         """Unmute users."""
         pass
@@ -1306,8 +1334,8 @@ class Mod(commands.Cog):
             user = author
 
         #  A special case for a special someone :^)
-        special_date = datetime(2016, 1, 10, 6, 8, 4, 443000)
-        is_special = user.id == 96130341705637888 and guild.id == 133049272517001216
+        special_date = datetime(2016, 1, 10, 6, 8, 4, 443_000)
+        is_special = user.id == 96_130_341_705_637_888 and guild.id == 133_049_272_517_001_216
 
         roles = sorted(user.roles)[1:]
         names, nicks = await self.get_names_and_nicks(user)
@@ -1567,8 +1595,9 @@ class Mod(commands.Cog):
         """
         An event for modlog case creation
         """
-        mod_channel = await modlog.get_modlog_channel(case.guild)
-        if mod_channel is None:
+        try:
+            mod_channel = await modlog.get_modlog_channel(case.guild)
+        except RuntimeError:
             return
         use_embeds = await case.bot.embed_requested(mod_channel, case.guild.me)
         case_content = await case.message_content(use_embeds)
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/permissions/converters.py b/redbot/cogs/permissions/converters.py
index 1b1668dc6..cbf1db76d 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/permissions/converters.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/permissions/converters.py
@@ -1,10 +1,133 @@
-from typing import NamedTuple, Union, Optional, cast, Type
+import itertools
+import re
+from typing import NamedTuple, Union, Optional
+
+import discord
 
 from redbot.core import commands
 from redbot.core.i18n import Translator
 
 _ = Translator("PermissionsConverters", __file__)
 
+MENTION_RE = re.compile(r"^<?(?:(?:@[!&]?)?|#)(\d{15,21})>?$")
+
+
+def _match_id(arg: str) -> Optional[int]:
+    m = MENTION_RE.match(arg)
+    if m:
+        return int(m.group(1))
+
+
+class GlobalUniqueObjectFinder(commands.Converter):
+    async def convert(
+        self, ctx: commands.Context, arg: str
+    ) -> Union[discord.Guild, discord.abc.GuildChannel, discord.abc.User, discord.Role]:
+        bot: commands.Bot = ctx.bot
+        _id = _match_id(arg)
+
+        if _id is not None:
+            guild: discord.Guild = bot.get_guild(_id)
+            if guild is not None:
+                return guild
+            channel: discord.abc.GuildChannel = bot.get_channel(_id)
+            if channel is not None:
+                return channel
+
+            user: discord.User = bot.get_user(_id)
+            if user is not None:
+                return user
+
+            for guild in bot.guilds:
+                role: discord.Role = guild.get_role(_id)
+                if role is not None:
+                    return role
+
+        objects = itertools.chain(
+            bot.get_all_channels(),
+            bot.users,
+            bot.guilds,
+            *(filter(lambda r: not r.is_default(), guild.roles) for guild in bot.guilds),
+        )
+
+        maybe_matches = []
+        for obj in objects:
+            if obj.name == arg or str(obj) == arg:
+                maybe_matches.append(obj)
+
+        if ctx.guild is not None:
+            for member in ctx.guild.members:
+                if member.nick == arg and not any(obj.id == member.id for obj in maybe_matches):
+                    maybe_matches.append(member)
+
+        if not maybe_matches:
+            raise commands.BadArgument(
+                _(
+                    '"{arg}" was not found. It must be the ID, mention, or name of a server, '
+                    "channel, user or role which the bot can see."
+                ).format(arg=arg)
+            )
+        elif len(maybe_matches) == 1:
+            return maybe_matches[0]
+        else:
+            raise commands.BadArgument(
+                _(
+                    '"{arg}" does not refer to a unique server, channel, user or role. Please use '
+                    "the ID for whatever/whoever you're trying to specify, or mention it/them."
+                ).format(arg=arg)
+            )
+
+
+class GuildUniqueObjectFinder(commands.Converter):
+    async def convert(
+        self, ctx: commands.Context, arg: str
+    ) -> Union[discord.abc.GuildChannel, discord.Member, discord.Role]:
+        guild: discord.Guild = ctx.guild
+        _id = _match_id(arg)
+
+        if _id is not None:
+            channel: discord.abc.GuildChannel = guild.get_channel(_id)
+            if channel is not None:
+                return channel
+
+            member: discord.Member = guild.get_member(_id)
+            if member is not None:
+                return member
+
+            role: discord.Role = guild.get_role(_id)
+            if role is not None and not role.is_default():
+                return role
+
+        objects = itertools.chain(
+            guild.channels, guild.members, filter(lambda r: not r.is_default(), guild.roles)
+        )
+
+        maybe_matches = []
+        for obj in objects:
+            if obj.name == arg or str(obj) == arg:
+                maybe_matches.append(obj)
+            try:
+                if obj.nick == arg:
+                    maybe_matches.append(obj)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+        if not maybe_matches:
+            raise commands.BadArgument(
+                _(
+                    '"{arg}" was not found. It must be the ID, mention, or name of a channel, '
+                    "user or role in this server."
+                ).format(arg=arg)
+            )
+        elif len(maybe_matches) == 1:
+            return maybe_matches[0]
+        else:
+            raise commands.BadArgument(
+                _(
+                    '"{arg}" does not refer to a unique channel, user or role. Please use the ID '
+                    "for whatever/whoever you're trying to specify, or mention it/them."
+                ).format(arg=arg)
+            )
+
 
 class CogOrCommand(NamedTuple):
     type: str
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/permissions/permissions.py b/redbot/cogs/permissions/permissions.py
index 00854d6f1..b1fd810fa 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/permissions/permissions.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/permissions/permissions.py
@@ -14,7 +14,13 @@ from redbot.core.utils.chat_formatting import box
 from redbot.core.utils.menus import start_adding_reactions
 from redbot.core.utils.predicates import ReactionPredicate, MessagePredicate
 
-from .converters import CogOrCommand, RuleType, ClearableRuleType
+from .converters import (
+    CogOrCommand,
+    RuleType,
+    ClearableRuleType,
+    GuildUniqueObjectFinder,
+    GlobalUniqueObjectFinder,
+)
 
 _ = Translator("Permissions", __file__)
 
@@ -142,23 +148,20 @@ class Permissions(commands.Cog):
         if not command:
             return await ctx.send_help()
 
-        message = copy(ctx.message)
-        message.author = user
-        message.content = "{}{}".format(ctx.prefix, command)
+        fake_message = copy(ctx.message)
+        fake_message.author = user
+        fake_message.content = "{}{}".format(ctx.prefix, command)
 
         com = ctx.bot.get_command(command)
         if com is None:
             out = _("No such command")
         else:
+            fake_context = await ctx.bot.get_context(fake_message)
             try:
-                testcontext = await ctx.bot.get_context(message, cls=commands.Context)
-                to_check = [*reversed(com.parents)] + [com]
-                can = False
-                for cmd in to_check:
-                    can = await cmd.can_run(testcontext)
-                    if can is False:
-                        break
-            except commands.CheckFailure:
+                can = await com.can_run(
+                    fake_context, check_all_parents=True, change_permission_state=False
+                )
+            except commands.CommandError:
                 can = False
 
             out = (
@@ -275,7 +278,7 @@ class Permissions(commands.Cog):
         ctx: commands.Context,
         allow_or_deny: RuleType,
         cog_or_command: CogOrCommand,
-        who_or_what: commands.GlobalPermissionModel,
+        who_or_what: GlobalUniqueObjectFinder,
     ):
         """Add a global rule to a command.
 
@@ -303,7 +306,7 @@ class Permissions(commands.Cog):
         ctx: commands.Context,
         allow_or_deny: RuleType,
         cog_or_command: CogOrCommand,
-        who_or_what: commands.GuildPermissionModel,
+        who_or_what: GuildUniqueObjectFinder,
     ):
         """Add a rule to a command in this server.
 
@@ -328,7 +331,7 @@ class Permissions(commands.Cog):
         self,
         ctx: commands.Context,
         cog_or_command: CogOrCommand,
-        who_or_what: commands.GlobalPermissionModel,
+        who_or_what: GlobalUniqueObjectFinder,
     ):
         """Remove a global rule from a command.
 
@@ -351,7 +354,7 @@ class Permissions(commands.Cog):
         ctx: commands.Context,
         cog_or_command: CogOrCommand,
         *,
-        who_or_what: commands.GuildPermissionModel,
+        who_or_what: GuildUniqueObjectFinder,
     ):
         """Remove a server rule from a command.
 
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/reports/reports.py b/redbot/cogs/reports/reports.py
index 61b000897..7a1d4bdc6 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/reports/reports.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/reports/reports.py
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ class Reports(commands.Cog):
                 self.tunnel_store[k]["msgs"] = msgs
 
     @commands.guild_only()
-    @checks.mod_or_permissions(manage_members=True)
+    @checks.mod_or_permissions(manage_roles=True)
     @report.command(name="interact")
     async def response(self, ctx, ticket_number: int):
         """Open a message tunnel.
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/streams/streams.py b/redbot/cogs/streams/streams.py
index 9665b4755..548723ddb 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/streams/streams.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/streams/streams.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from . import streamtypes as _streamtypes
 from collections import defaultdict
 import asyncio
 import re
-from typing import Optional, List
+from typing import Optional, List, Tuple
 
 CHECK_DELAY = 60
 
@@ -320,6 +320,7 @@ class Streams(commands.Cog):
     @commands.group()
     @checks.mod()
     async def streamset(self, ctx: commands.Context):
+        """Set tokens for accessing streams."""
         pass
 
     @streamset.command()
@@ -396,9 +397,6 @@ class Streams(commands.Cog):
     async def role(self, ctx: commands.Context, *, role: discord.Role):
         """Toggle a role mention."""
         current_setting = await self.db.role(role).mention()
-        if not role.mentionable:
-            await ctx.send("That role is not mentionable!")
-            return
         if current_setting:
             await self.db.role(role).mention.set(False)
             await ctx.send(
@@ -408,11 +406,17 @@ class Streams(commands.Cog):
             )
         else:
             await self.db.role(role).mention.set(True)
-            await ctx.send(
-                _(
-                    "When a stream or community is live, `@\u200b{role.name}` will be mentioned."
-                ).format(role=role)
-            )
+            msg = _(
+                "When a stream or community is live, `@\u200b{role.name}` will be mentioned."
+            ).format(role=role)
+            if not role.mentionable:
+                msg += " " + _(
+                    "Since the role is not mentionable, it will be momentarily made mentionable "
+                    "when announcing a streamalert. Please make sure I have the correct "
+                    "permissions to manage this role, or else members of this role won't receive "
+                    "a notification."
+                )
+            await ctx.send(msg)
 
     @streamset.command()
     @commands.guild_only()
@@ -535,30 +539,46 @@ class Streams(commands.Cog):
                         continue
                     for channel_id in stream.channels:
                         channel = self.bot.get_channel(channel_id)
-                        mention_str = await self._get_mention_str(channel.guild)
+                        mention_str, edited_roles = await self._get_mention_str(channel.guild)
 
                         if mention_str:
                             content = _("{mention}, {stream.name} is live!").format(
                                 mention=mention_str, stream=stream
                             )
                         else:
-                            content = _("{stream.name} is live!").format(stream=stream.name)
+                            content = _("{stream.name} is live!").format(stream=stream)
 
                         m = await channel.send(content, embed=embed)
                         stream._messages_cache.append(m)
+                        if edited_roles:
+                            for role in edited_roles:
+                                await role.edit(mentionable=False)
                         await self.save_streams()
 
-    async def _get_mention_str(self, guild: discord.Guild):
+    async def _get_mention_str(self, guild: discord.Guild) -> Tuple[str, List[discord.Role]]:
+        """Returns a 2-tuple with the string containing the mentions, and a list of
+        all roles which need to have their `mentionable` property set back to False.
+        """
         settings = self.db.guild(guild)
         mentions = []
+        edited_roles = []
         if await settings.mention_everyone():
             mentions.append("@everyone")
         if await settings.mention_here():
             mentions.append("@here")
+        can_manage_roles = guild.me.guild_permissions.manage_roles
         for role in guild.roles:
             if await self.db.role(role).mention():
+                if can_manage_roles and not role.mentionable:
+                    try:
+                        await role.edit(mentionable=True)
+                    except discord.Forbidden:
+                        # Might still be unable to edit role based on hierarchy
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        edited_roles.append(role)
                 mentions.append(role.mention)
-        return " ".join(mentions)
+        return " ".join(mentions), edited_roles
 
     async def check_communities(self):
         for community in self.communities:
@@ -589,12 +609,15 @@ class Streams(commands.Cog):
                         emb = await community.make_embed(streams)
                         chn_msg = [m for m in community._messages_cache if m.channel == chn]
                         if not chn_msg:
-                            mentions = await self._get_mention_str(chn.guild)
+                            mentions, roles = await self._get_mention_str(chn.guild)
                             if mentions:
                                 msg = await chn.send(mentions, embed=emb)
                             else:
                                 msg = await chn.send(embed=emb)
                             community._messages_cache.append(msg)
+                            if roles:
+                                for role in roles:
+                                    await role.edit(mentionable=False)
                             await self.save_communities()
                         else:
                             chn_msg = sorted(chn_msg, key=lambda x: x.created_at, reverse=True)[0]
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/trivia/session.py b/redbot/cogs/trivia/session.py
index 4cfcfd6a4..46274007f 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/trivia/session.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/trivia/session.py
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ class TriviaSession:
             async with self.ctx.typing():
                 await asyncio.sleep(3)
             self.count += 1
-            msg = bold(_("**Question number {num}!").format(num=self.count)) + "\n\n" + question
+            msg = bold(_("Question number {num}!").format(num=self.count)) + "\n\n" + question
             await self.ctx.send(msg)
             continue_ = await self.wait_for_answer(answers, delay, timeout)
             if continue_ is False:
diff --git a/redbot/cogs/trivia/trivia.py b/redbot/cogs/trivia/trivia.py
index b04aa1141..5fe61ce6f 100644
--- a/redbot/cogs/trivia/trivia.py
+++ b/redbot/cogs/trivia/trivia.py
@@ -111,16 +111,14 @@ class Trivia(commands.Cog):
         await settings.allow_override.set(enabled)
         if enabled:
             await ctx.send(
-                _(
-                    "Done. Trivia lists can now override the trivia settings for this server."
-                ).format(now=enabled)
+                _("Done. Trivia lists can now override the trivia settings for this server.")
             )
         else:
             await ctx.send(
                 _(
                     "Done. Trivia lists can no longer override the trivia settings for this "
                     "server."
-                ).format(now=enabled)
+                )
             )
 
     @triviaset.command(name="botplays", usage="<true_or_false>")
@@ -506,7 +504,7 @@ class Trivia(commands.Cog):
 
         with path.open(encoding="utf-8") as file:
             try:
-                dict_ = yaml.load(file)
+                dict_ = yaml.safe_load(file)
             except yaml.error.YAMLError as exc:
                 raise InvalidListError("YAML parsing failed.") from exc
             else:
diff --git a/redbot/core/bot.py b/redbot/core/bot.py
index d09a87a5a..a26fd90f2 100644
--- a/redbot/core/bot.py
+++ b/redbot/core/bot.py
@@ -186,13 +186,23 @@ class RedBase(commands.GroupMixin, commands.bot.BotBase, RPCMixin):
     async def is_admin(self, member: discord.Member):
         """Checks if a member is an admin of their guild."""
         admin_role = await self.db.guild(member.guild).admin_role()
-        return any(role.id == admin_role for role in member.roles)
+        try:
+            if any(role.id == admin_role for role in member.roles):
+                return True
+        except AttributeError:  # someone passed a webhook to this
+            pass
+        return False
 
     async def is_mod(self, member: discord.Member):
         """Checks if a member is a mod or admin of their guild."""
         mod_role = await self.db.guild(member.guild).mod_role()
         admin_role = await self.db.guild(member.guild).admin_role()
-        return any(role.id in (mod_role, admin_role) for role in member.roles)
+        try:
+            if any(role.id in (mod_role, admin_role) for role in member.roles):
+                return True
+        except AttributeError:  # someone passed a webhook to this
+            pass
+        return False
 
     async def get_context(self, message, *, cls=commands.Context):
         return await super().get_context(message, cls=cls)
@@ -334,8 +344,14 @@ class RedBase(commands.GroupMixin, commands.bot.BotBase, RPCMixin):
             ids_to_check = [to_check.id]
         else:
             author = getattr(to_check, "author", to_check)
-            ids_to_check = [r.id for r in author.roles]
-            ids_to_check.append(author.id)
+            try:
+                ids_to_check = [r.id for r in author.roles]
+            except AttributeError:
+                # webhook messages are a user not member,
+                # cheaper than isinstance
+                return True  # webhooks require significant permissions to enable.
+            else:
+                ids_to_check.append(author.id)
 
         immune_ids = await self.db.guild(guild).autoimmune_ids()
 
diff --git a/redbot/core/commands/commands.py b/redbot/core/commands/commands.py
index 448f570cc..0c0a77323 100644
--- a/redbot/core/commands/commands.py
+++ b/redbot/core/commands/commands.py
@@ -157,12 +157,31 @@ class Command(CogCommandMixin, commands.Command):
             cmd = cmd.parent
         return sorted(entries, key=lambda x: len(x.qualified_name), reverse=True)
 
-    async def can_run(self, ctx: "Context") -> bool:
+    # noinspection PyMethodOverriding
+    async def can_run(
+        self,
+        ctx: "Context",
+        *,
+        check_all_parents: bool = False,
+        change_permission_state: bool = False,
+    ) -> bool:
         """Check if this command can be run in the given context.
 
         This function first checks if the command can be run using
         discord.py's method `discord.ext.commands.Command.can_run`,
         then will return the result of `Requires.verify`.
+
+        Keyword Arguments
+        -----------------
+        check_all_parents : bool
+            If ``True``, this will check permissions for all of this
+            command's parents and its cog as well as the command
+            itself. Defaults to ``False``.
+        change_permission_state : bool
+            Whether or not the permission state should be changed as
+            a result of this call. For most cases this should be
+            ``False``. Defaults to ``False``.
+
         """
         ret = await super().can_run(ctx)
         if ret is False:
@@ -171,8 +190,21 @@ class Command(CogCommandMixin, commands.Command):
         # This is so contexts invoking other commands can be checked with
         # this command as well
         original_command = ctx.command
+        original_state = ctx.permission_state
         ctx.command = self
 
+        if check_all_parents is True:
+            # Since we're starting from the beginning, we should reset the state to normal
+            ctx.permission_state = PermState.NORMAL
+            for parent in reversed(self.parents):
+                try:
+                    result = await parent.can_run(ctx, change_permission_state=True)
+                except commands.CommandError:
+                    result = False
+
+                if result is False:
+                    return False
+
         if self.parent is None and self.instance is not None:
             # For top-level commands, we need to check the cog's requires too
             ret = await self.instance.requires.verify(ctx)
@@ -183,6 +215,17 @@ class Command(CogCommandMixin, commands.Command):
             return await self.requires.verify(ctx)
         finally:
             ctx.command = original_command
+            if not change_permission_state:
+                ctx.permission_state = original_state
+
+    async def _verify_checks(self, ctx):
+        if not self.enabled:
+            raise commands.DisabledCommand(f"{self.name} command is disabled")
+
+        if not (await self.can_run(ctx, change_permission_state=True)):
+            raise commands.CheckFailure(
+                f"The check functions for command {self.qualified_name} failed."
+            )
 
     async def do_conversion(
         self, ctx: "Context", converter, argument: str, param: inspect.Parameter
@@ -238,7 +281,9 @@ class Command(CogCommandMixin, commands.Command):
             if cmd.hidden:
                 return False
             try:
-                can_run = await self.can_run(ctx)
+                can_run = await self.can_run(
+                    ctx, check_all_parents=True, change_permission_state=False
+                )
             except commands.CheckFailure:
                 return False
             else:
diff --git a/redbot/core/commands/requires.py b/redbot/core/commands/requires.py
index 1cb293be4..2b98d69c7 100644
--- a/redbot/core/commands/requires.py
+++ b/redbot/core/commands/requires.py
@@ -281,12 +281,14 @@ class Requires:
 
         if isinstance(user_perms, dict):
             self.user_perms: Optional[discord.Permissions] = discord.Permissions.none()
+            _validate_perms_dict(user_perms)
             self.user_perms.update(**user_perms)
         else:
             self.user_perms = user_perms
 
         if isinstance(bot_perms, dict):
             self.bot_perms: discord.Permissions = discord.Permissions.none()
+            _validate_perms_dict(bot_perms)
             self.bot_perms.update(**bot_perms)
         else:
             self.bot_perms = bot_perms
@@ -311,6 +313,7 @@ class Requires:
                 if user_perms is None:
                     func.requires.user_perms = None
                 else:
+                    _validate_perms_dict(user_perms)
                     func.requires.user_perms.update(**user_perms)
             return func
 
@@ -449,7 +452,20 @@ class Requires:
             should_invoke = await self._verify_user(ctx)
         elif isinstance(next_state, dict):
             # NORMAL to PASSIVE_ALLOW; should we proceed as normal or transition?
-            next_state = next_state[await self._verify_user(ctx)]
+            # We must check what would happen normally, if no explicit rules were set.
+            default_rule = PermState.NORMAL
+            if ctx.guild is not None:
+                default_rule = self.get_default_guild_rule(guild_id=ctx.guild.id)
+            if default_rule is PermState.NORMAL:
+                default_rule = self.default_global_rule
+
+            if default_rule == PermState.ACTIVE_DENY:
+                would_invoke = False
+            elif default_rule == PermState.ACTIVE_ALLOW:
+                would_invoke = True
+            else:
+                would_invoke = await self._verify_user(ctx)
+            next_state = next_state[would_invoke]
 
         ctx.permission_state = next_state
         return should_invoke
@@ -588,6 +604,7 @@ def bot_has_permissions(**perms: bool):
         if asyncio.iscoroutinefunction(func):
             func.__requires_bot_perms__ = perms
         else:
+            _validate_perms_dict(perms)
             func.requires.bot_perms.update(**perms)
         return func
 
@@ -599,6 +616,8 @@ def has_permissions(**perms: bool):
 
     This check can be overridden by rules.
     """
+    if perms is None:
+        raise TypeError("Must provide at least one keyword argument to has_permissions")
     return Requires.get_decorator(None, perms)
 
 
@@ -670,3 +689,20 @@ class _IntKeyDict(Dict[int, _T]):
         if not isinstance(key, int):
             raise TypeError("Keys must be of type `int`")
         return super().__setitem__(key, value)
+
+
+def _validate_perms_dict(perms: Dict[str, bool]) -> None:
+    for perm, value in perms.items():
+        try:
+            attr = getattr(discord.Permissions, perm)
+        except AttributeError:
+            attr = None
+
+        if attr is None or not isinstance(attr, property):
+            # We reject invalid permissions
+            raise TypeError(f"Unknown permission name '{perm}'")
+
+        if value is not True:
+            # We reject any permission not specified as 'True', since this is the only value which
+            # makes practical sense.
+            raise TypeError(f"Permission {perm} may only be specified as 'True', not {value}")
diff --git a/redbot/core/core_commands.py b/redbot/core/core_commands.py
index 125aaaa67..8341116f7 100644
--- a/redbot/core/core_commands.py
+++ b/redbot/core/core_commands.py
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ class Core(commands.Cog, CoreLogic):
 
         pred = MessagePredicate.yes_or_no(ctx)
         try:
-            await self.bot.wait_for("message", check=MessagePredicate.yes_or_no(ctx))
+            await self.bot.wait_for("message", check=pred)
         except asyncio.TimeoutError:
             await ctx.send("Response timed out.")
             return
@@ -1729,7 +1729,7 @@ class Core(commands.Cog, CoreLogic):
         await ctx.tick()
 
     @commands.guild_only()
-    @checks.guildowner_or_permissions(manage_server=True)
+    @checks.guildowner_or_permissions(manage_guild=True)
     @commands.group(name="autoimmune")
     async def autoimmune_group(self, ctx: commands.Context):
         """
diff --git a/redbot/core/data_manager.py b/redbot/core/data_manager.py
index f21a79a66..3faf00b33 100644
--- a/redbot/core/data_manager.py
+++ b/redbot/core/data_manager.py
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-import sys
-import os
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List
-from copy import deepcopy
-import hashlib
-import shutil
+import inspect
 import logging
+import os
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from copy import deepcopy
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import appdirs
-import tempfile
+from discord.utils import deprecated
 
+from . import commands
 from .json_io import JsonIO
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -153,124 +153,28 @@ def core_data_path() -> Path:
     return core_path.resolve()
 
 
-def _find_data_files(init_location: str) -> (Path, List[Path]):
-    """
-    Discovers all files in the bundled data folder of an installed cog.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    init_location
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    (pathlib.Path, list of pathlib.Path)
-    """
-    init_file = Path(init_location)
-    if not init_file.is_file():
-        return []
-
-    package_folder = init_file.parent.resolve() / "data"
-    if not package_folder.is_dir():
-        return []
-
-    all_files = list(package_folder.rglob("*"))
-
-    return package_folder, [p.resolve() for p in all_files if p.is_file()]
-
-
-def _compare_and_copy(to_copy: List[Path], bundled_data_dir: Path, cog_data_dir: Path):
-    """
-    Filters out files from ``to_copy`` that already exist, and are the
-    same, in ``data_dir``. The files that are different are copied into
-    ``data_dir``.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    to_copy : list of pathlib.Path
-    bundled_data_dir : pathlib.Path
-    cog_data_dir : pathlib.Path
-    """
-
-    def hash_bytestr_iter(bytesiter, hasher, ashexstr=False):
-        for block in bytesiter:
-            hasher.update(block)
-        return hasher.hexdigest() if ashexstr else hasher.digest()
-
-    def file_as_blockiter(afile, blocksize=65536):
-        with afile:
-            block = afile.read(blocksize)
-            while len(block) > 0:
-                yield block
-                block = afile.read(blocksize)
-
-    lookup = {p: cog_data_dir.joinpath(p.relative_to(bundled_data_dir)) for p in to_copy}
-
-    for orig, poss_existing in lookup.items():
-        if not poss_existing.is_file():
-            poss_existing.parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
-            exists_checksum = None
-        else:
-            exists_checksum = hash_bytestr_iter(
-                file_as_blockiter(poss_existing.open("rb")), hashlib.sha256()
-            )
-
-        orig_checksum = ...
-        if exists_checksum is not None:
-            orig_checksum = hash_bytestr_iter(file_as_blockiter(orig.open("rb")), hashlib.sha256())
-
-        if exists_checksum != orig_checksum:
-            shutil.copy(str(orig), str(poss_existing))
-            log.debug("Copying {} to {}".format(orig, poss_existing))
-
-
+# noinspection PyUnusedLocal
+@deprecated("bundled_data_path() without calling this function")
 def load_bundled_data(cog_instance, init_location: str):
+    pass
+
+
+def bundled_data_path(cog_instance: commands.Cog) -> Path:
     """
-    This function copies (and overwrites) data from the ``data/`` folder
-    of the installed cog.
+    Get the path to the "data" directory bundled with this cog.
+
+    The bundled data folder must be located alongside the ``.py`` file
+    which contains the cog class.
 
     .. important::
 
-        This function MUST be called from the ``setup()`` function of your
-        cog.
-
-    Examples
-    --------
-    >>> from redbot.core import data_manager
-    >>>
-    >>> def setup(bot):
-    >>>     cog = MyCog()
-    >>>     data_manager.load_bundled_data(cog, __file__)
-    >>>     bot.add_cog(cog)
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    cog_instance
-        An instance of your cog class.
-    init_location : str
-        The ``__file__`` attribute of the file where your ``setup()``
-        function exists.
-    """
-    bundled_data_folder, to_copy = _find_data_files(init_location)
-
-    cog_data_folder = cog_data_path(cog_instance) / "bundled_data"
-
-    _compare_and_copy(to_copy, bundled_data_folder, cog_data_folder)
-
-
-def bundled_data_path(cog_instance) -> Path:
-    """
-    The "data" directory that has been copied from installed cogs.
-
-    .. important::
-
-        You should *NEVER* write to this directory. Data manager will
-        overwrite files in this directory each time `load_bundled_data`
-        is called. You should instead write to the directory provided by
-        `cog_data_path`.
+        You should *NEVER* write to this directory.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     cog_instance
+        An instance of your cog. If calling from a command or method of
+        your cog, this should be ``self``.
 
     Returns
     -------
@@ -280,10 +184,10 @@ def bundled_data_path(cog_instance) -> Path:
     Raises
     ------
     FileNotFoundError
-        If no bundled data folder exists or if it hasn't been loaded yet.
-    """
+        If no bundled data folder exists.
 
-    bundled_path = cog_data_path(cog_instance) / "bundled_data"
+    """
+    bundled_path = Path(inspect.getfile(cog_instance.__class__)).parent / "data"
 
     if not bundled_path.is_dir():
         raise FileNotFoundError("No such directory {}".format(bundled_path))
diff --git a/redbot/core/help_formatter.py b/redbot/core/help_formatter.py
index 0270196d4..81e42755e 100644
--- a/redbot/core/help_formatter.py
+++ b/redbot/core/help_formatter.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ discord.py 1.0.0a
 
 This help formatter contains work by Rapptz (Danny) and SirThane#1780.
 """
+import contextlib
 from collections import namedtuple
 from typing import List, Optional, Union
 
@@ -224,8 +225,8 @@ class Help(dpy_formatter.HelpFormatter):
 
         return ret
 
-    async def format_help_for(self, ctx, command_or_bot, reason: str = None):
-        """Formats the help page and handles the actual heavy lifting of how  ### WTF HAPPENED?
+    async def format_help_for(self, ctx, command_or_bot, reason: str = ""):
+        """Formats the help page and handles the actual heavy lifting of how
         the help command looks like. To change the behaviour, override the
         :meth:`~.HelpFormatter.format` method.
 
@@ -244,10 +245,24 @@ class Help(dpy_formatter.HelpFormatter):
         """
         self.context = ctx
         self.command = command_or_bot
+
+        # We want the permission state to be set as if the author had run the command he is
+        # requesting help for. This is so the subcommands shown in the help menu correctly reflect
+        # any permission rules set.
+        if isinstance(self.command, commands.Command):
+            with contextlib.suppress(commands.CommandError):
+                await self.command.can_run(
+                    self.context, check_all_parents=True, change_permission_state=True
+                )
+        elif isinstance(self.command, commands.Cog):
+            with contextlib.suppress(commands.CommandError):
+                # Cog's don't have a `can_run` method, so we use the `Requires` object directly.
+                await self.command.requires.verify(self.context)
+
         emb = await self.format()
 
         if reason:
-            emb["embed"]["title"] = "{0}".format(reason)
+            emb["embed"]["title"] = reason
 
         ret = []
 
diff --git a/redbot/core/json_io.py b/redbot/core/json_io.py
index c610d7bb1..a2d01f73f 100644
--- a/redbot/core/json_io.py
+++ b/redbot/core/json_io.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import json
 import os
 import asyncio
 import logging
+from copy import deepcopy
 from uuid import uuid4
 
 # This is basically our old DataIO and just a base for much more elaborate classes
@@ -69,7 +70,11 @@ class JsonIO:
 
     async def _threadsafe_save_json(self, data, settings=PRETTY):
         loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
-        func = functools.partial(self._save_json, data, settings)
+        # the deepcopy is needed here. otherwise,
+        # the dict can change during serialization
+        # and this will break the encoder.
+        data_copy = deepcopy(data)
+        func = functools.partial(self._save_json, data_copy, settings)
         async with self._lock:
             await loop.run_in_executor(None, func)
 
diff --git a/redbot/core/modlog.py b/redbot/core/modlog.py
index eafe4ec97..9cbb31ad8 100644
--- a/redbot/core/modlog.py
+++ b/redbot/core/modlog.py
@@ -666,29 +666,30 @@ async def register_casetypes(new_types: List[dict]) -> List[CaseType]:
         return type_list
 
 
-async def get_modlog_channel(guild: discord.Guild) -> Union[discord.TextChannel, None]:
+async def get_modlog_channel(guild: discord.Guild) -> discord.TextChannel:
     """
-    Get the current modlog channel
+    Get the current modlog channel.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     guild: `discord.Guild`
-        The guild to get the modlog channel for
+        The guild to get the modlog channel for.
 
     Returns
     -------
-    `discord.TextChannel` or `None`
-        The channel object representing the modlog channel
+    `discord.TextChannel`
+        The channel object representing the modlog channel.
 
     Raises
     ------
     RuntimeError
-        If the modlog channel is not found
+        If the modlog channel is not found.
 
     """
     if hasattr(guild, "get_channel"):
         channel = guild.get_channel(await _conf.guild(guild).mod_log())
     else:
+        # For unit tests only
         channel = await _conf.guild(guild).mod_log()
     if channel is None:
         raise RuntimeError("Failed to get the mod log channel!")
diff --git a/tests/cogs/test_trivia.py b/tests/cogs/test_trivia.py
index 4d82b7947..528c74304 100644
--- a/tests/cogs/test_trivia.py
+++ b/tests/cogs/test_trivia.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ def test_trivia_lists():
     for l in list_names:
         with l.open() as f:
             try:
-                dict_ = yaml.load(f)
+                dict_ = yaml.safe_load(f)
             except yaml.error.YAMLError as e:
                 problem_lists.append((l.stem, "YAML error:\n{!s}".format(e)))
             else: